Abstract
Sangam literature is not merely an artistic compilation of poetic imagination, romance, and valor; rather, it stands as a monumental repository of the empirical and scientific temperament of the ancient Tamils who lived over two millennia ago. Through keen and systematic observations of nature, the Sangam society documented profound insights across various scientific disciplines. This research paper explores the multi-faceted scientific wisdom (Palsuvai Ariviyal) embedded in classical Tamil texts, categorized into astronomy, biological classification, ecological geography (Ainthinai), hydrological cycles, and anatomy/medicine. By analyzing key verses from texts such as Purananuru, Nattrinai, Kurunthogai, and the grammatical treatise Tolkappiyam, this study highlights how ancient Tamils understood advanced concepts—such as the motion of celestial bodies, the sensory classification of living organisms, plant nutrition, and hydrological cycles—long before modern science formalized them. Ultimately, this paper emphasizes the importance of preserving and bridging this ancient Tamil scientific heritage with contemporary academic research.